Theories of Migration: Reasons for Mobility (2025)

Poverty and Migration

Academia Letters, 2021

Poverty is a phenomenon that is as old as history, but it still remains a topical issue that generates global discussion in recent times, however, its significance has changed overtime. In traditional times, poverty was seen as inevitable, because total output even when distributed equally would still be insufficient to give the entire populace a befitting or comfortable standard of living. However, the narrations changed when countries became industrialized and, in this case, the total output in a nation was sufficient to go around the entire populace conveniently. However, poverty during this period was seen to be caused by changes or fluctuations in business cycles, which most times leads to unemployment during a recession. Thus, during this period, poverty is seen as an inevitable consequence of the natural process of market and government in most countries play active roles in order to reduce poverty. Although, the effect of poverty during a recession in the economy affects all sectors in the economy, it has severe impact on people in the lower class than the higher class due to fewer marginal resources. According to the world bank, a person is considered to be poor when their income level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet their basic needs. The international poverty line has been set to a minimum of living less than $ 1.90 per day as at October 2015. This is measuring poverty in absolute terms against a fixed standard of living. However, in reality, poverty entails more than that, because early marriage, high mortality rate and even lack of education for school age children are some of the major indicators of poverty. A typical example is when girls below the age of 18 are married off and this ends their chances of getting educated. The world bank reports that globally, 1 in every 5 girls get married before the age of 18. This has adverse effects mostly on children because poverty has devastating short-and long-term effect on the individuals and the economy at large. In recent times, as a result of poverty, about 15000 children die each day before celebrating their fifth birthday and each year about 100 million people are forced into poverty as a result of health-related expenses,

Forced Migration and Adolescent Reproductive Health

ISEAS Gender Perspectives Volume 3 Issue 2, 2011

covers two areas: women and politics; and health and social vulnerabilities of marginalised women, including chronically poor women, low-skilled women, migrant workers, sex workers, older women, trafficked women, and internally displaced and refugee women. These areas are explicitly chosen to fill a gap in the research in the region, and are explored from a diversity of theoretical perspectives and disciplinary approaches.

Child Poverty: Concepts and Measurement

Center for Human Rights Studies, 2007

This paper presents and discusses different concepts of child poverty, alternative definitions of children living in poverty, and measurement efforts in this regard. It addresses such questions as: who are the children living in poverty? Is the issue of children living in poverty recognized by and incorporated into anti-poverty strategies? Have governments, civil society organizations and international organizations identified and adopted policies to reduce child poverty? And is the situation of girls living in poverty taken into account? Several organizations have recently adopted human rights-based approaches to defining children living in poverty, and these definitions are included here. In general, however, the assessment finds that there is a lack of consideration of children’s issues in the debate on poverty. The lack of visibility has negative implications for anti-poverty strategies, which seldom consider that children and their rights are central to their design and implementation. In this paper, we argue that the lack of conceptualization and debate on the specificities of child poverty has enormous consequences for policy and, vice versa, that the income generation and sectoral focus of poverty reduction policies discourages a holistic response to children and families.

The definition of child poverty: a discussion of concepts and measurements

Environment and Urbanization, 2006

Title Poverty-An Explanation for Teenage Pregnancy in South Africa ?

2015

Teenage pregnancy (TP) remains an important health issue the world over with 11% of births from 15-19 year old females. In South Africa, 30% of 19 year old females were ever pregnant in 2013. Previous research has investigated individual-level characteristics yet few studies have examined the environments of young women. Additionally, local studies failed to examine the influence of poverty on TP quantitatively. This study examined the possible association of poverty and TP. Using general household surveys of 2011-2013, females aged 10-19 years were included:25492 girls. Poverty measures included: household and community-levels of poverty, home ownership and household head employment. Pregnancy was modeled through multilevel logistic regression. Four percent of teenage females were pregnant. Householdand community-levels of poverty were independently associated with TP. The study shows empirical evidence of the construction of TP in poor South African households and communities. Pov...

ibidem ibidem Child Poverty, Youth (Un)Employment, and Social Inclusion Child Poverty, Youth (Un)Employment, and Social Inclusion CROP International Poverty Studies CHILD POVERTY, YOUTH (UN)EMPLOYMENT, AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ibidem-Verlag Stuttgart Bibliographic information published by the Deutsch...

Worldwide child and youth poverty and deprivation remain the biggest barrier to achieving a better life in adulthood. Progress in lifting children out of poverty in the last decades has been slow and limited in the developing world, while the recent global economic crisis has exacerbated child poverty, youth unemployment, and social exclusion in many developed countries. By critically unraveling the long-term consequences of growing up poor, the close linkages between multiple deprivations and violation of human rights in childhood and adolescence, and their effects on labor market entry and future career in a number of developing and developed countries, this book significantly enriches the existing literature. Drawing on multiple disciplinary perspectives it makes a forceful case for the eradication of child poverty to take center stage in the Sustainable Development Goals. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaill...

The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty Consumption Poverty, Child

Poverty Perspectives: from culture to the person

Globalization: an interdisciplinary perspective, 2011

The concept of poverty has undergone constant change and the most accepted definition does not include personal and psychological indicators. There can be no simple and universally accepted concept to define and measure poverty (SIDA, 1996), if it does not consider the psychological needs or human scale development (Max Neef, 1984) along with the scale of unmet basic needs or other traditional measures. In order to develop an accurate vision of poverty it is necessary to understand the dynamics that shape and sustain the individual and his current poverty status in his environment, as well as complementary actions and resources available that may allow people to escape from the poor context. By addressing this dimension, it invites us to explore the regional and cultural characteristics of poverty, which are unique to individuals since they are formed by communities, regions, nations, and continents, rather than considering poverty as an absolute and universal concept. Talking about poverty in the world would require taking into account the nuances of each of the countries present. Even in Canada, with one of the highest rates of human development, poverty exists and the people in poverty there are not comparable with those in poverty in Australia or France or the United States. What makes the difference? The set of social, demographic, political and cultural policies and life standards that define the ideal of the country may be an initial approach to this problem.

From Infancy to Adolescence: Growing Up in Poverty

Improving children’s life chances is central to development in low- and middle-income countries. Half the population of sub-Saharan Africa are aged 18 or younger (UNICEF 2013), and they comprise nearly half of all people living in extreme poverty worldwide (Olinto et al. 2013). As the largest single demographic group affected by extreme poverty, children can no longer be seen as a ‘special interest group’. There is increasing recognition of inequalities within countries, and a recognition that some groups have been ‘left behind’ by development. Poverty undermines not only children’s rights to life, survival and development, as enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, but also the skills and capabilities that fast-changing economies need for future growth. Poverty in childhood is a key mechanism by which poverty persists between generations, and life-course analysis explains why this occurs. There is no better public-policy investment than in children. This paper presents preliminary analysis of the first 4 rounds of the Young Lives cohort study, which collects data in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. The paper identifies 5 key policy relevant messages Message 1: Children value school and want to study for longer, obtain better jobs than their parents did, and delay marriage and starting a family Message 2: Stunting is profoundly damaging for children and is very common, particularly among the poorest groups Message 3: Improving achievement levels for poor children is central to overcoming the global crisis in learning Message 4: Despite high aspirations for education and work, the reality at the age of 19 is very different Message 5: The poorest girls are the most likely to have married and had a child before the age of 1

Poverty and Fertility in Less Developed Countries: A Comparative Analysis

2011

and forecast social change in Britain at the individual and household level, the Centre specialises in research using longitudinal data. ESRC UK Longitudinal Studies Centre. A national resource centre for promoting longitudinal research and for the design, management and support of longitudinal surveys. It was established by the ESRC as independent centre in 1999. It has responsibility for the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). European Centre for Analysis in the Social Sciences. ECASS is an interdisciplinary research centre which hosts major research programmes and helps researchers from the EU gain access to longitudinal data and cross-national datasets from all over Europe. The British Household Panel Survey is one of the main instruments for measuring social change in Britain. The BHPS comprises a nationally representative sample of around 9,000 households and over 16,000 individuals who are reinterviewed each year. The questionnaire includes a constant core of items accompa...